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| 1596 |
| | Tycho Brahe enters the service of the emperor Rudolf II in Prague, where he invites Johannes Kepler to join him | |
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| 1596 |
| | Swiss botanist Gaspard Bauhin begins work classifying 6000 plants on a new binomial system of nomenclature | |
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| 1600 |
| | William Gilbert, physician to Queen Elizabeth, concludes that the earth is a magnet and coins the term 'magnetic pole' | |
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| 1600 |
| | Electricity is given its name (in the Latin phrase vis electrica) by the English physician, William Gilbert | |
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| 1609 |
| | Johannes Kepler, in Prague, puts forward the radical proposition that the planets move in elliptical rather than circular orbits | |
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| 1610 |
| | Galileo, with his new powerful telescope, observes the moons of Jupiter and spots moving on the surface of the sun | |
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| 1613 |
| | Galileo publishes his evidence, from sun spots, proving Copernicus right and Ptolemy wrong on the solar system | |
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| 1620 |
| | In his Novum Organum Francis Bacon introduces a modern philosophy of experimental science | |
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| 1628 |
| | William Harvey publishes a short book, De Motu Cordis, proving the circulation of the blood | |
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| 1632 |
| | The Inquisition convicts Galileo of heresy and he denies the truth of Copernicus - on being shown the instruments of torture | |
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